书讯:地中海史诗三部曲
本帖最后由 hawk5959 于 2015-3-15 19:18 编辑https://imgsrc.baidu.com/forum/w%3D580/sign=3d880f5961d9f2d3201124e799ed8a53/a01966c6a7efce1bdb6af872ac51f3deb58f653e.jpg
封面克劳利像:李媛 绘
本帖最后由 hawk5959 于 2015-3-15 19:13 编辑
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
第二部
海洋帝国:地中海大决战
https://www.amazon.cn/gp/product/ ... 2&pf_rd_i=899254051
本帖最后由 hawk5959 于 2015-3-15 19:15 编辑
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
第三部
财富之城:威尼斯海洋霸权https://www.amazon.cn/%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6/dp/B00SIP8JK2/ref=pd_rhf_pe_p_img_3
本帖最后由 hawk5959 于 2015-3-15 19:17 编辑
东方早报书评系列
盛韵 张明扬
罗杰·克劳利(Roger Crowley)的“地中海三部曲”(《1453:君士坦丁堡之战》《海洋帝国:地中海大决战》《财富之城:威尼斯的兴衰》)在英国问世后畅销至今,其中《海洋帝国》2009年被《星期日泰晤士报》评为“年度历史书”,上过《纽约时报》畅销书榜。说到“三部曲”的缘起,克劳利引用了希腊诗人康斯坦丁·卡瓦菲在奥斯曼帝国的落日余晖中写下的诗句:“那座城池会跟随你一生一世。”克劳利感同身受。自从剑桥毕业后第一次去伊斯坦布尔访友,这座城市就一直萦绕在他心头挥之不去。三十年后他终于动笔写下了君士坦丁堡的陷落,之后一发不可收拾,一部书有了姐妹篇,再有了三部曲。笔者通过电邮采访克劳利先生时,他刚刚完成了一部新作,写的是葡萄牙人在印度洋。
有种看法认为中世纪的战争基本上是基督徒对穆斯林的圣战,那么为何在君士坦丁堡之役中,西方基督教世界没有施以援手,而任由圣城陷落了呢?难道罗马天主教和东正教之间的派系斗争要比合力对抗“伊斯兰异教徒”更重要吗?
克劳利:我认为,身处“后9·11”世界的我们有过度夸大历史战争的宗教动机的倾向。其实中世纪的欧洲人很爱吵架,他们花在内斗上的时间要比与穆斯林争战多得多。最初几次十字军东征后,只有那些在最前线的人才真正与穆斯林世界有所接触(比如在西面是西班牙人对抗阿拉伯人,在东面则是拜占庭世界对抗奥斯曼人),他们才持续地与穆斯林世界竞争。
1453年西方基督徒没有去援助东方基督徒有很深的原因。的确,天主教和东正教之间的争吵是一大障碍,不过这两群人互相不喜欢是出于文化上的原因。西方十字军第一次东征时经过君士坦丁堡,他们惊讶于说希腊语的邻居竟是如此不同,不光在宗教实践上不同,连习俗、穿戴、对伊斯兰教的态度也不同——当时圣城里甚至有一座清真寺。
等到1453年,又有了其他变化。尽管教皇多次呼吁, 但西方基督徒根本不愿意再去东征。之前1396年和1444年的两次东征均一败涂地,所以1453年很少有人主动想去君士坦丁堡的城墙上抵抗可怕的奥斯曼大军。时至此刻,那种大一统的西方基督教世界的理念已经开始死亡。作为联合欧洲受教育人群的拉丁语,已经逐渐让位于本土语言,在文艺复兴早期,民族认同感和世俗的利己倾向逐渐抬头。多任教皇在接下来的两百年中不断号召东征——但无人响应。
您在书中将君士坦丁堡的陷落比作“9·11”,一个彻底改变了双方情感的极端事件。能具体解释一下吗?
克劳利:我敢肯定,全世界许多人还记得他们从电视上看到飞机撞击纽约双塔时的情境。当然中世纪时消息是传得很慢的,但当你读到许多人听到君士坦丁堡陷落的消息时的第一反应,你会意识到那是同样一种突然的、恐怖的冲击。人们走在大街上会哭泣。这一事件的回音响彻了整个欧洲。诗歌、歌谣以及文学作品中都有描写,这就是当时的惊天变故。君士坦丁堡给人的印象是永恒之城——它已经耸立了一千一百年,人们都觉得它会永远在那里。刹那间它毁于伊斯兰之手,这让人们禁不住重新看待自己身处的世界。人们仿佛一夜惊醒,看清了伊斯兰强势威胁的现实。“Turk”一词立刻有了残暴、不共戴天之敌的含义。通过欧洲新兴的印刷媒体,大量反伊斯兰文学涌现,刺激了前线国家与奥斯曼帝国长达两百年的竞争,并以1689年维也纳之围的失败告终。
在中世纪,有信仰的人似乎都愿意相信自己的信仰有朝一日会一统天下。这是他们走上战场的终极动力吗?还是抢夺土地、人力、财富和资源等经济动机也同样重要?
克劳利:在我看来,战争的动机里,“上帝和金子”往往混在一起很难切分。我们当然很容易把君士坦丁堡的陷落视为宗教战争,但它也关乎土地和帝国。奥斯曼不断打仗的目的是为了普及伊斯兰教,这解释合情合理,但也是因为苏丹需要更多的土地和战利品来奖赏军队,需要更多的人头来缴税。你会发现物质奖励往往被视为对勤劳工作之人的奖赏。西班牙和葡萄牙的探险式航海也可以采用同样的表述——这些航行时常被视为十字军式的探险,有教皇的赐福,要使化外之人皈依上帝;但那些登上小船以身试险的人只想着寻宝发财而已。当然也会有纯粹出于信仰动机的人,我肯定许多早期的十字军人远行是出于深深的虔诚之情,但以宗教之名发战争财的想法也一直很强势。
本帖最后由 hawk5959 于 2015-3-15 19:18 编辑
说到宗教宽容,很有趣的现象是,奥斯曼帝国似乎比基督教对手更宽容。1492年西班牙从摩尔人手中收复失地后,天主教双王下令驱逐穆斯林和犹太人,并逼迫留下的人改信天主教。而奥斯曼治理占领区时,并没有强迫人们改信伊斯兰教。他们发展出了一种宗教自治的米列特体系(millet system),您能解释一下该体系如何运作吗?为什么历史上的穆斯林更宽容?
克劳利:《古兰经》里提到犹太人、基督徒与伊斯兰教徒出于同源,所以他们都是“圣书的子民”,在中东的古老传统中,对待这两类人要比对待异教徒或无信仰者友善很多。土耳其奥斯曼帝国自己的历史文化也是极为混杂的。几百年中他们从亚洲腹地一路西行,接受过波斯的、阿拉伯的、拜占庭的诸种影响,所以他们头脑相当开放。奥斯曼帝国是多元文化的造物,所有人都是苏丹的子民。没有人会因为种族而受到歧视。犹太人和基督徒受米列特体系管理,他们有自己的法官、税务官和宗教权威,苏丹很少会插手干预。奥斯曼帝国对其他信仰的人极感兴趣,因为他们会缴更多的税,不过税赋绝不会重到像封建欧洲那样。这种大社会和宗教宽容帮助缔造了极大的稳定性。这也是奥斯曼帝国持续了很长时间的原因之一。直到十九世纪欧洲的民族主义观念抬头才开始对奥斯曼帝国产生影响,希腊人想独立,保加利亚人也想独立,等等,于是在帝国崩溃的危机下,这一政权变得残忍无情。最后帝国的土耳其人也被裹挟着有了民族意识,想要自己的土地,不再视自己为苏丹的臣民。犹太人从未被驱逐,1492年离开西班牙的犹太人的不少后裔至今仍住在土耳其。
必须说明的是,奥斯曼帝国的宽容从本质上说是温和逊尼派,但这种宽容对伊斯兰其他教派并不适用。帝国内部时常迫害少数派,邻国伊朗长年与什叶派打仗,但国内倒是很少有激进伊斯兰的传统。从种族和文化上看,土耳其人都与阿拉伯邻居们很不同。1923年土耳其成为世俗国家,虽然当下它对伊斯兰极端主义表现出宗教的一面,但历史上这种倾向是长期缺席的。尽管对自由有所限制,它依然是现代民主的伊斯兰国家的最佳示范,尤其是在叙利亚、伊拉克等国陷入混乱的情况下。伊斯兰极端主义在阿拉伯国家的中心地带和伊朗生根发芽。我觉得这是对腐败的世俗独裁政权的反扑,这些政权往往是西方列强扶植的傀儡,自一战以及奥斯曼帝国解体后,西方势力就一直在掺和。同样令人沮丧的是这些国家的经济都没搞好,于是激进伊斯兰更有市场。当然也有人怀念伊斯兰世界的黄金时代,在那个时代你可以从摩洛哥一路走到印度尼西亚,全都接受伊斯兰教法的统领,不受世俗主义的侵扰。
我去过阿尔罕布拉宫,它给人的印象是穆斯林文明一度比基督教文明高级得多。基督教国王去拜见苏丹时,必须脱鞋、洗手、喷香水,这些仪式不断提醒他们要谦逊、清洁、文雅。是不是可以这样说,从文化上看,基督徒曾经像化外蛮荒之人,而穆斯林则处于文明之巅?
克劳利:说实在的,我觉得欧洲一直到文艺复兴时代都是很自卑的,不管从文化上还是经济上。文艺复兴开始后,一些工业化的早期形式慢慢开始发展,东方的财富慢慢向西方转移。曾经有段时间十字军驻扎在巴勒斯坦,基督徒和穆斯林达成了和平协议,欧洲人看到并且理解了伊斯兰世界在生活水平、卫生、文化和饮食上的精致复杂,而且穆斯林有更发达的农业和手工业技术——玻璃和纸的制造,丝织技术,棉花和糖的种植,铁艺等等,还有从中国和印度来的奢侈品,比如香料、陶瓷和珍珠。1414年葡萄牙人攻打摩洛哥城市休达,有人写下了见闻所感:“相比之下,我们的房子简直像猪圈。”从经济方面看,在美洲发现黄金之前,欧洲不断通过穆斯林商人购买奢侈品,耗费了大量金银。多亏有马可·波罗等人的见闻录,我们可以知道当时的欧洲人普遍认为东方世界(一路通向中国)更富有、更文明。 在您的《海洋帝国》一书中,西班牙的哈布斯堡王朝成了地中海的关键势力。控制地中海在当时有什么意义?奥斯曼人曾经承认:“安拉创造了陆地让我们统治并享用,但大海是为基督徒创造的。”对奥斯曼帝国来说,是不是海战要比陆战更困难?
克劳利:伊斯兰教最早是从沙漠游牧民族开始的,对他们来说,海洋是异境。土耳其奥斯曼帝国发源自中亚的大草原,也是游牧民族。这些住帐篷的人花了上百年的时间慢慢迁徙,才到达地中海;他们没有航行的经验,也看不出大海的价值;他们想要的就是土地,以及更多能缴税的人。刚开始他们完全依赖地中海沿岸及岛屿的水手替他们打海战。在苏丹心目中,从来不会看重海军将领以及航海技术;擅长海战的威尼斯人就曾经认为自己的一艘战船能够抵挡奥斯曼帝国的四五艘战船。舰队需要特殊的基础设施资源和造船技术,这些不可能一蹴而就。统治海洋还要看控制多少海军基地、港口和岛屿,这样舰队可以停泊补给。地中海东面的威尼斯人和西面的哈布斯堡王朝都有资源,并且有数百年的地中海海事经验。哈布斯堡王朝必须依靠强大的海军实力才能维系帝国,因为他们没有陆路连接西班牙和意大利南部,所以控制西地中海对他们来说至关重要。
不过随着时间推移,奥斯曼帝国迎头赶上。他们利用了被征服臣民尤其是希腊人的海事经验;他们还依靠北非沿海的海盗来切断哈布斯堡王朝在西班牙和意大利之间的补给路线。他们甚至研究出了可行方案,完全不打海战、光靠陆地行动就能控制地中海的一大部分。地中海的战船当时还是划桨帆船,需要人力来推动。船员无法随身带很多补给,所以必须每两三天就上一次岸。奥斯曼帝国在地中海东面围攻补给港口,特别是希腊沿岸以及克里特和塞浦路斯等大岛屿,用的就是攻陷君士坦丁堡的办法——船只装载军队加大炮。一旦威尼斯人失去基地,也就失去了对海洋的控制。从长远看,奥斯曼无法有效打击西地中海:因为补给线太长。到了十六世纪末,局势已经很清楚,哈布斯堡王朝和奥斯曼帝国都无法夺下整个地中海,而海战已经对各自的经济产生了毁坏性的影响。于是他们基本上退出了海战,各方控制自己的利益区域,海战也渐渐消失了。
最后世界中心转向了大西洋,先是新世界发现,后有英国和荷兰成为支配力量。是什么导致了这一转向?可以说奥斯曼帝国咎由自取吗?因为他们切断了欧亚之间的陆路,所以其他国家只能探索海路?
克劳利:可以肯定的是,当奥斯曼帝国掌握了东地中海,欧洲开始产生幽闭恐惧症。伊斯兰世界挡在当中,欧洲人就没有机会获得东方的财富或是直接购买奢侈品了。为了得到香料、丝绸、珍珠这些紧俏商品,欧洲人被迫从埃及或叙利亚的穆斯林中间商那儿高价购买,但这种奥斯曼控制只是欧洲几百年来不断增加的隔离感的延续。十三世纪末的马可·波罗尚有可能通过蒙古人控制的丝绸之路去中国,蒙古帝国灭亡后这一链接也断裂了;到了奥斯曼帝国时,欧洲对东方的所知比罗马人还要少,所以从侧面绕过奥斯曼帝国的欲望肯定是大西洋转向的关键因素之一。成就这一转向的人们(先是葡萄牙人,接着是荷兰人,然后是英国人)都是欧洲边缘的小国家,土地狭小,人口稀少。他们唯一的技术优势就是知道如何在大西洋航行,了解季风规律;他们愿意去茫茫大海搏命探险,因为没什么可失去的。十五世纪末哥伦布和达伽马的航海探险是关键性时刻,其成功并不仅是绕过伊斯兰世界的强烈愿望,也伴随着技术突破。1490年代葡萄牙人和西班牙人终于搞清楚了大西洋季风的规律,如何朝西航行并活着回来,如何朝东航行绕过非洲再回来。这可不是突然的发现,而是基于几百年的航海积累。为何正好是那十年中有了如此突破?可能是因为西班牙和葡萄牙的竞争(他们都想抢先到达印度这香料之国)刺激所致,这竞争大概堪比冷战时期美国和苏联的太空竞赛。
具体地说,您是如何重构一场战役的细节的?最困难的是什么?火药和大炮是不是改变战争的决定性武器?在火药之前的海战又是什么样的?
克劳利:我感觉描写战役总是很棘手,即便现在也是如此。如果有目击者的记录留存下来,通常他们都不知所措,而且可能带有极大的偏见,没有人在战斗的混乱中,能够看到全景。对我来说,有两种切入方式。首先我去找所有能找到的目击者记录,尝试用怀疑的眼光去阅读,因为他们的想法不一定可信。我尝试用已知的确定信息去测试这些一手材料。在描写君士坦丁堡之围时,我去实地观察,带着问题去尝试重构军队的位置,一座大炮射程有多远,把人从A点送到B点要花多长时间,攀登那些城墙有多困难?如果人力划船只能达到每小时三英里的时速,那么两支舰队要花多长时间才能碰上?要描写奥斯曼帝国时代的穆斯林与基督徒的战斗,最普遍的一大问题是,基督徒一方的材料要更多也更可靠。奥斯曼帝国当时没有记录个人见闻或是记日记的传统,所以要获得公允执中的视角非常困难。最后我只得从基督徒记述的字里行间去琢磨另一方的观感。
从史料中看,海战似乎特别残酷,如果你的船沉了,无人能幸免。勒班陀一役中,四小时死了四万人,这种死亡速率直到一战才被赶超。在船只装载大炮之前,有一整套的海战战术和武器装备。希腊和罗马时代的战船都会装上金属撞角,靠高速撞击来撞沉对手。拜占庭帝国发明了一种“希腊火”,可以朝敌方战船的木制外壳喷射一种液体石油;但主要的战术还是射箭投矛,努力靠近敌船然后登船占领之。此时的战斗就跟陆战差不多,都是几群士兵近身搏斗,只不过空间更小而已。
大炮的发明,同时改变了海战和陆战,但变化进程很缓慢。这不是瞬间完成的革命。在很长一段时间里,加农炮从装弹药到点火发射非常慢,在敌人冲过来之前通常你只有一次开炮机会;毛瑟枪要略好一点。人们总是想轻装上阵,这样基本无法抵挡子弹,但在很长一段时间里弓箭手仍旧要比毛瑟枪手更有效,因为他们射箭的速度快得多。弓箭手的问题在于训练时间太长,要多年磨练才能熟练掌握技艺;枪手则只要训练几月甚至几周即可满师。勒班陀海战的惨烈之处在于,奥斯曼帝国的战船毁坏程度远比不上军人的死亡速度——熟练的弓箭手大批葬身希腊海之后没有办法迅速补充。
大炮只有在攻城时才能起到立竿见影的效果。它适合攻打城墙之类不会移动的大型目标;重装弹药再慢也不成问题;重石球击垮高高的单薄的城墙不是难事。君士坦丁堡的陷落几乎一夜间改变了围城战的规则。在短短的时间内,城堡设计纷纷开始改变。军事工程师开始建造低矮但极度厚重的城墙,其角度变化让炮弹偏斜而不是直接承受重击,也让守城者有机会在交火中捉住攻击者。攀登碉堡变得十分困难,人力代价惨重,于是攻城一方开始用地雷工兵在地下埋火药来炸掉城墙。
您对写过相同题材《1453》的前辈史家斯蒂文·朗西曼(Steven Runciman)或是写过地中海史的法国史家布罗代尔如何评价?还有年轻一辈史家比如写了畅销书《奥斯曼帝国闲史》的杰森·古德温(Jason Goodwin)?
克劳利:历史写作代有才人出,你提到的这几位史家都有所贡献。现在看来,朗西曼似乎是属于过去时代的史家了。他最著名的作品是十字军东征史,他的叙述方式可以追溯到十八世纪的杰出史家爱德华·吉本。朗西曼对编年材料的概括能力无与伦比,娓娓道来。他改变了人们对十字军的看法,将十字军刻画成西方恶棍。他主要聚焦于事件、人物性格和政治。继承他衣钵写地中海和拜占庭史的应该是约翰·尤里乌斯·诺维奇(John Julius Norwich)。他们不太关心经济或文化史,也没有深入的分析,所以现代史家越来越把朗西曼等人的工作看成过去式,但对普通读者来说还是很精彩的读物。
法国人布罗代尔可以说属于上世纪中期新一波的历史写作。他对十六世纪的地中海地区有大量研究,与朗西曼形成了截然不同的观点。布罗代尔所属的那波历史写作运动将伟人甚至特定事件(比如政治、勒班陀之类的战役、革命等)的影响看得微乎其微,好像大海表面的波纹。布罗代尔关注超长时段的历史变化,这些变化由深层背景条件所导致,他将之分成三级。最深层的因素包括气候、地理、洋流等;次一层包括长期的社会、文化、技术和经济因素,火药处于这一层;最后也是最表层的,才是历史事件本身。这种方法催生了许多极为有趣的观点。比如他声称阿拉伯人未能征服君士坦丁堡是因为阿拉伯骆驼无法适应土耳其的寒冬;奥斯曼人来自中亚,他们骑乘的大夏驼适应气候,所以能够长途跋涉至拜占庭腹地。这是一种大型史,我肯定布罗代尔是过去几百年中首屈一指的伟大史家,也是现代地中海研究之父。近年来有人尝试摆脱布罗代尔在地中海史方面的立场,重新强调人类角色在海洋史中的位置,其中以英国史家戴维·阿布拉菲亚(David Abulafia)为代表。
在区域史研究中,对奥斯曼帝国的兴趣日渐增长,也很令人着迷。朗西曼写君士坦丁堡陷落的书很精彩,但现在看来有些过时了。他的兴趣点是拜占庭以及1453年古希腊和罗马世界的最终消亡;奥斯曼帝国只是促成其崩溃的推手,它的历史文化本身没有引起朗西曼的兴趣。如今我们身处“后9·11”的世界,土耳其在动荡区域中日渐强大,也因为伊斯坦布尔和土耳其是热门的旅游度假胜地,奥斯曼帝国的历史越来越吸引人。这个被遗忘的帝国曾经统治过欧洲和中东的大部分地区,持续的年月比罗马帝国要久。杰森·古德温的《奥斯曼帝国闲史》是该领域近年来最受公众欢迎的读物。此书引人遐想,叙述几近诗意,文字优美,叠加了历史和旅游,虽然在历史细节方面尚有可加强的余地,但它非常精彩地传递了文明的差异,为奥斯曼帝国的文化及其成就提供了更为正面的总体观感,而不是西方历史几百年来普遍认为的“可怕的土耳其人”或是“欧洲病夫”之类的偏见。
地中海史在何种程度上塑造了现代世界?
克劳利:顾名思义,“地中海”在拉丁语里的意思就是“土地的中央”,它是几乎被陆地完全包围的海洋。在过去欧洲中心的世界观中,它也意味着世界的中心。我猜今天印度洋更符合地球枢纽的描述,但地中海从一开始就是文明的摇篮,是帝国、理念和宗教发源的舞台。因为它很小,穿过它很快,所以不同的人很容易会面、做生意、交流思想,也容易打仗。书写作为帮助贸易的工具通过东地中海的船只传入了欧洲世界。希腊和基督教的哲学思想通过船只传播到了海的边缘;在海岸线上,文艺复兴的人文主义(达·芬奇的创造、米开朗基罗的艺术、伽利略的科学)开始发展。小小的地中海是人类创造力和思想的大熔炉。■ 发完收工。
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